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Introduction to the America's
Before we begin... where are we now? What misunderstandings and ideas do we hold? Are there things we could learn about the people of the America's and their history that might help us to grow in understanding and inform our opinions as we move forward? Watch these two videos and consider the effects these attitudes and ideas have on both us and the First Peoples of the Americas. Video 1: Canadian perspectives on our first peoples - TV SERIES TRAILER (A fantastic and insightful series... if you have time to watch it all!) "First Contact" (Trailer) https://www.straight.com/movies/1133441/six-canadians-confront-their-own-prejudices-against-first-nations-new-aptn-tv-series Video 2: Pocahontas Was a Mistake, and Here's Why! by Lindsay Ellis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ARX0-AylFI |
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April 4
We are entering into discussions using Socratic Circles. For the Socratic Circle you will be reading the following article and connecting it to what happened in the Middle Ages. What do the people want? How will the people get it? What are the ruling classes doing to keep things the same way it has always been? Have the revolts worked? What factors are playing into why it may be difficult to achieve the goals of the protesters? Article #1 As we leave the Middle Ages - What were the citizens looking for? What changes did the people desire? What were the concerns of the masses? How did that play into the mentality of the Renaissance? |
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This year we will be challenging you! Become a Global Dominator - See how far you can get!!!! The challenge is on! Will you join the wall of FAME???
Visit: http://world-geography-games.com/ OR you can download world geography games on your phone and practice wherever you are! WAY TO GO BRENNA!!!! Our FIRST Global Dominator for 2018!!!!!! |
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The Barbarians: Germanic Tribes
P 21 – 36 & p 5-7 The Franks The Franks, conquered much of the Roman province of Gaul (now France) in the late fourth century and early fifth century. They were farmers but loved making war. Most freemen went about armed, often with a special throwing axe called a Fransisca. The men and women were fond of jewelry and wore their hair long. They named themselves "Frank" – which meant free. The Merovingians The Merovingian royal family ruled the Franks for almost three hundred years. Clovis I, reigned from 481 C.E. until 511 C.E. and founded the country called France making Paris it's capital. After Clovis I, died his kingdom was divided amongst his children. They became famous for treachery and murderous infighting. It weakened the kingdom over the next few centuries and the kingdom fell in to chaos. The Laws of the Franks The Franks had their own legal code, which differed greatly from Roman law. These laws were called the Salic Code. The Salic Code placed a monetary value on every piece of property and on every person. If property was stolen or a person injured or killed, a fine called a wergild had to be paid to the owner of the property or to the murder victim's family. In the case of a murder, the family could refuse to accept the fine, and instead could demand the guilty person's death. If a relation of the victim took revenge by killing the murderer, the law did not hold him or her responsible. Everyday Life Among the Franks The Franks had social classes: Some were very rich and some incredibly poor. Around 60 % were serfs, or peasants. Although they were free and not slaves, serfs were not allowed to move away from the manor. The lords and rulers could steal serfs' crops at any time. Merchants often tried to profit from the misfortunes of ordinary people by raising prices when food was scarce. Charlemagne Charlemagne came to power in western Europe in 786 C.E. The Pope decided to recognize Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short, because he had defeated a Muslim army that had threatened to conquer Europe in 732 C.E. Charlemagne was very interested in rebuilding civilization, and he had the intelligence and power to do so. He expanded the Merovingian Empire in every direction. On Christmas Day in 800 C.E. he was crowned the Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III. The Carolingian Empire gave much of western Europe a brief rest from the wars that had torn it apart since the fall of Rome. Charlemagne governed from the the modern day country of Germany. He allowed local governments much freedom, he also sent out agents, called missi dominici, to make sure that people were treated properly. He created a single code of laws for the whole empire. He tried to make things better for the serfs and tradespeople. He could also be ruthless. When the Saxon leaders refused to convert to Christianity he ordered his soldiers to kill about 4000 Saxons in a single day. A special concern for Charlemagne was to improve education throughout his empire. He established new schools in monastaries and encouraged the learning of the Latin classics. He built many churches and palaces in modern day France and Germany. Charlemagne brought about a rebirth of learning and the arts which is called the Carolingian Renaissance. After his death the peace and security he had worked for fell apart because of feuds and his decedents weakness in the face of the Viking invasions. The Anglo-Saxons and the Celts Britian was invaded by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes driving out the native Celtic peoples. Soon large numbers of Germanic invaders began to settle in Britian and pushed the Celts into Wales, Cornwall, Scotland and across the sea to Ireland. The Celts had once been a powerful people, inhabiting much of Europe, from Spain all the way to southern Russia. Celtic language disappeared from Britian and the Anglo-Saxons language was English. Anglo-Saxon England The Anglo-Saxons were farmers. They lived in small villages, the men and women shared the hard work between them. Some trade and business took place. The Anglo-Saxons had skilled metal workers. They made highly crafted jewelry. The Anglo-Saxons were also great story tellers, who created wonderful epics, such as Beowulf. Alfred the Great, an early ruler of Anglo-Saxon England lost may battles to the Vikings before he learned how to beat them. After Alfred's death he left western and southern England united and prosperous. England would suffer from a deadly combination of weak kings and Viking invaders until the time of William the Conqueror. The Pivotal Role of the Irish The Celts, had practiced a form of nature worship called Druidism for many centuries. They fought bloody battles, kept slaves, and made human sacrifices. These things changed in the fifth century, when St. Patrick came and brought the Irish a healthy respect for both Christianity and learning. Monastery's became the centers for learning and sprang up in the countryside and along the coasts. Many people came to these monasteries to escape Germanic invasions. Until the time of Charlemagne, Ireland was the greatest center of learning in Europe. Irish monks trained missionaries and spread Christianity. The Irish monks also preserved the cultural legacy of the societies by acting as a book factory. Irish monks hand copied classics and Celtic stores that might have been lost forever. The Vikings The Vikings were EVERYWHERE! They roamed the Mediterranean Sea, sailed down the great rivers all the way from Russia to Constantinople. The Vikings came from the north looking for plunder and glory. They travelled in swift longships. They would strike fast then disappear before local rulers could raise a force to oppose them. Raiding forces could be a few ships to hundreds. They would burn everything in sight and kill everyone they found. Viking Reputation The Vikings were mercilessly destructive. It was common practice to kill or enslave every man, woman, and child they found. Some monarchs and church leaders would pay the Vikings to leave their lands. The Vikings took payments called Danegeld from rulers. The payments would come from taxes the rulers would raise from the common people. Everyday Life Among the Vikings Most Vikings were farmers and fishers living in small villages by the sea. They came from Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark). The probably began to raid because the land could not support the growing population. People lived at the end of fjords. Viking farms tended to be small. Men, women and children shared the work, but weaving was always done by the women. Free Viking women had many rights under the law. They could own property, divorce their husband, and they could sue in court. Gunnhild, the "mother of kings," was a legendary leader. Freydis Eriksdottir the sister of Leif the Lucky, led an expedition to Newfoundland early in the eleventh century. Viking landowners always had thralls or slaves. Thralls had no legal rights and could be killed by their masters at any time. The children of Thralls were automatically slaves. The Vikings had a rich culture. They had highly skilled woodworkers and smiths. The keepers of history were called skalds. These poets had to have excellent memories and be good singers. This was an important skill as most people could not read or write. Viking Law and Government The Vikings had law speakers as their laws were not written. These people memorized the laws and recited them as needed. The Vikings usually fined criminals but dangerous offenders were treated more harshly. The most dreaded penalty was to be declared an outlaw, which meant that they were outside of the las and anyone could kill them and then be entitled to some of the outlaws property. The End of the Viking Age The Viking age ended in the eleventh century. As the Viking invasions lessened in western Europe, people began to lead more settled lives. |
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